Coronary heart disease is the commonest cause of the cardiovascular disability and death. This pathological state includes Arteriosclerotic coronary artery disease and Ischaemic heart disease.
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Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is the most common disease affecting the heart and blood vesels. There is an agreement at large that a blood pressure of 120/80 is normal in a healthy adult. Borderline high blood pressure is defined as diastolic press between 85 and 90. Mild high blood pressure is diastolic pressure between 91 and 104.
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Asthma is defined as a disease characterized by increased responsiveness of the trachea and bronchi to van stimuli, and is manifesteo by widespread narrowing of airway passage that changes in severity either spontaneously or as a result of treatment. It is characterized by periods of coughing, difficult breathing and wheezing. Attacks are brought on by the spasms of the smooth muscles that lie in the walls of the smaller bronchi and bronchioles, causing the passage-ways to close partially. The patient has trouble exhaling and the alveoli may remain inflated during expiration.
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Viral rhinitis
It is the ‘Common Cold’, whose nonspecific symptoms are present in the early phases of many diseases that affect the upper aerodigestive tract. As there are numerous serologic types of viruses, patients remain susceptible throughout life. Headache, nasal congestion, watery rhinorrhoea, sneezing and a scratchy throat accompanied by general malaise are typical in viral infections. Nasal passage usually shows reddened, oedematous mucosa and a watery discharge. The presence of purulient nasal discharge suggests bacterial infection.
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The tonsils are a group of small rounded organs in the pharynx. They are filled with lymphocytes and macrophages and have openings to the surface of the pharynx. Their lymphocytes respond to infectious agents that arrive by way of ingested food as well as inspired air. Basically tonsils are a multiple aggregation of large lymphatic nodules embedded in a mucous membrane. They are arranged in a ring at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx.
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Constipation means slow movement of faeces through the large intestine, and it is often associated with large quantities of dry, hard faeces in the descending colon that accumulate because of the long time allowed for absorption of fluid.
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Diarrhea is a common symptom that can range in severity from an acute, self-limited annoyance to a .severe, life-threatening illness. Patients may use the term diarrhea to refer to increased frequency of bowel movements, increased stool liquidity, a sense of facal urgency, or facal incontinence. In the normal conditions, approximately 10 litres of fluid enters the duodenum daily, of which all about 1.5 litres are absorbed by the small instestine. The colon (large intestine) absorbs most of the remaining fluid, with only 100 ml lost in the stool. From a medical point of view, diarrhea is defined as a stool weight of more than 250 g/24 hr. In reality, quantification of stool is necessary in the case of chronic diarrhea.
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Peptic ulcer is a crate like lesion in the wall of gastrointestinal tract that is exposed to gastric juice. It arises when normal mucosal (a layer of gastro-intestinal tract) defensive factors are impaired or are overwhelmed by aggressive luminal factors such as acid and pepsin. Peptic ulcer occasionally develops in the lower end of oesophagus, but mostly occurs on the lesser curvature of the stomach, where they are called gastric ulcers, or in the first part of the duodenum, where they are called duodenal ulcer.
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Hepatitis is characterised by the inflammation of the liver and it can be caused by many drugs (alcohol, chemicals) and toxic agents as well as by numerous viruses, whose clinical manifestations may be quite similar. Several types of hepatitis are recognised, as mentioned below:
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Obesity is one of the most common disorders in medical practice and among the most frustrating and difficult to manage. Little progress has been made in its treatment in the last 25 years, yet major changes have been understood about its causes and its implications for health.
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